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Sunday 9 November 2014

Info Post

Title :

Protein Synthesis

Author :

Kim Foglia & Kelly Reidell

Number of slides:

26

Slideshow :





Content transcript :


Cellular Respiration
Harvesting Chemical Energy
“Burn fuels” to make energy
Energy needs of life
* Animals are energy consumers
* What do we need energy for?
* synthesis (building for growth)
* reproduction
* active transport
* movement
* temperature control (making heat)

Harvesting energy stored in food
* Cellular respiration
* breaking down food to produce ATP
* in mitochondria
* using oxygen
* “aerobic” respiration
* usually digesting glucose
* but could be other sugars, 
fats, or proteins
What do we need to make energy?
* The “Furnace” for making energy
* mitochondria 
* Fuel
* food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
* Helpers
* oxygen
* enzymes
* Product
* ATP
* Waste products
* carbon dioxide
* then used by plants
* water
Mitochondria are everywhere!!
Overview of cellular respiration
* 3 metabolic stages
* Anaerobic respiration
1. Glycolysis
* respiration without O2
* in cytosol
* Aerobic respiration
* respiration using O2
* in mitochondria
2. Krebs cycle
3. Electron transport chain

Glycolysis 
* Breaking down glucose 
* “glyco – lysis” (splitting sugar)


* ancient pathway which harvests energy
* where energy transfer first evolved
* transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
* still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration
* but it’s inefficient 
* generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
* occurs in cytosol
Glycolysis summary 
Cellular Respiration
Stage 2:
Krebs Cycle

Energy accounting of Krebs cycle 
Net gain = 2 ATP
  = 8 NADH + 2 FADH2
Cellular Respiration
Stage 3: 
Electron Transport Chain
ATP accounting so far…
* Glycolysis ? 2 ATP 
* Kreb’s cycle ? 2 ATP 
* Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP!
There is a better way!
* Electron Transport Chain 
* series of proteins built into 
inner mitochondrial membrane
* uses transport proteins & enzymes 
* transport of electrons from carriers down ETC linked to pumping of H+ 
* yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!
* only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)

Cellular respiration
A Body’s Energy Budget
What if oxygen is missing?
* No oxygen available = can’t complete aerobic respiration
* Anaerobic respiration
* also known as fermentation
* alcohol fermentation
* lactic acid fermentation
* no oxygen or 
no mitochondria (bacteria)
* can only make very little ATP
* large animals cannot survive
Anaerobic Respiration
* Fermentation
* alcohol fermentation
* yeast
* glucose ? ATP + CO2+ alcohol
* make beer, wine, bread
* lactic acid fermentation
* bacteria, animals
* glucose ? ATP + lactic acid
* bacteria make yogurt
* animals feel muscle fatigue



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