Title :
Animal kingdom
Author :
Number of slides:
25
Slideshow :
Content transcript :
Animal Characteristics
* Heterotrophs
* must ingest others for nutrients
* Multicellular
* complex bodies
* No cell walls
* allows active movement
* Sexual reproduction
* no alternation of generations
* no haploid gametophyte
Animal Evolution
Body Cavity
* Space for organ system development
* increase digestive & reproductive systems
* increase food capacity & digestion
* increase gamete production
* Coelem
* mesoderm & endoderm interact during development
* allows complex structures to develop in digestive system
* ex. stomach
Invertebrate: Porifera
* Sponges
* no distinct tissues or organs
* do have specialized cells
* no symmetry
* sessile (as adults)
Invertebrate: Cnidaria
* Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral
* tissues, but no organs
* two cell layers
* radial symmetry
* predators
* tentacles surround
gut opening
* extracellular
digestion
* release enzymes
into gut cavity
* absorption by cells
lining gut
Stinging cells of Cnidarians
Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes
* Flatworms
* tapeworm, planaria
* mostly parasitic
* bilaterally symmetrical
* have right & left & then have
head (anterior) end & posterior end
* cephalization = development of brain
* concentration of sense organs in head
* increase specialization in body plan
Invertebrate: Nematoda
* Roundworms
* bilaterally symmetrical
* body cavity
* pseudocoelom = simple body cavity
* digestive system
* tube running through length of body (mouth to anus)
* many are parasitic
* hookworm
Invertebrate: Mollusca
* Mollusks
* slugs, snails, clams, squid
* bilaterally symmetrical (with exceptions)
* soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells
* true coelem
* increases complexity & specialization of internal organs
Invertebrate: Annelida
* Segmented worms
* earthworms, leeches
* segments
* increase mobility
* redundancy in body sections
* bilaterally symmetrical
* true coelem
Invertebrate: Arthropoda
* Spiders, insects, crustaceans
* most successful animal phylum
* bilaterally symmetrical
* segmented
* specialized segments
* allows jointed appendages
* exoskeleton
* chitin + protein
Arthropod groups
Invertebrate: Echinodermata
* Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
* radially symmetrical as adults
* spiny endoskeleton
* deuterostome
Invertebrate quick check…
* Which group includes snails, clams, and squid?
* Which group is the sponges?
* Which are the flatworms?
…segmented worms?
…roundworms?
* Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton?
* Which two groups have radial symmetry?
* What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry?
* Which group has no symmetry?
Chordata
* Vertebrates
* fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
* internal bony skeleton
* backbone encasing
spinal column
* skull-encased brain
* deuterostome
Vertebrates: Fish
* Characteristics
* body structure
* bony & cartilaginous skeleton
* jaws & paired appendages (fins)
* scales
* body function
* gills for gas exchange
* two-chambered heart;
single loop blood circulation
* ectotherms
* reproduction
* external fertilization
* external development in
aquatic egg
Transition to Land
Evolution of tetrapods
Vertebrates: Amphibian
* Characteristics
* body structure
* legs (tetrapods)
* moist skin
* body function
* lungs (positive pressure) &
diffusion through skin for gas exchange
* three-chambered heart;
veins from lungs back to heart
* ectotherms
* reproduction
* external fertilization
* external development in aquatic egg
* metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
Vertebrates: Reptiles
* Characteristics
* body structure
* dry skin, scales, armor
* body function
* lungs for gas exchange
* thoracic breathing; negative pressure
* three-chambered heart
* ectotherms
* reproduction
* internal fertilization
* external development in
amniotic egg
Vertebrates: Birds (Aves)
* Characteristics
* body structure
* feathers & wings
* thin, hollow bone;
flight skeleton
* body function
* very efficient lungs & air sacs
* four-chambered heart
* endotherms
* reproduction
* internal fertilization
* external development in
amniotic egg
Vertebrates: Mammals
* Characteristics
* body structure
* hair
* specialized teeth
* body function
* lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure
* four-chambered heart
* endotherms
* reproduction
* internal fertilization
* internal development in uterus
* nourishment through placenta
* birth live young
* mammary glands make milk
Vertebrates: Mammals
* Sub-groups
* monotremes
* egg-laying mammals
* lack placenta & true nipples
* duckbilled platypus, echidna
* marsupials
* pouched mammals
* offspring feed from nipples in pouch
* short-lived placenta
* koala, kangaroo, opossum
* placental
* true placenta
* nutrient & waste filter
* shrews, bats, whales, humans
Vertebrate quick check…
* Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells?
* Which vertebrates are covered with scales?
* What adaptations do birds have for flying?
* What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have?
* Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic
* Why must amphibians live near water?
* What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful?
* What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals?
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